Method of securing together shoe parts and the like



g- 14, 1 M. w. TE'lj'LOW 1,970,257

-' METHOD OF sscuaine TOGETHER SHOE PARTS AND THE LIKE Filed Aug. 219; 1932 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 MWM Aug. 14, 1934. M. w. TETLOW METHOD OF SECURING TOGETHER SHOE PARTS AND THE LIKE 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Aug. 29 1932 Fig.6.

VE/V 727R. W Lu,

Patented Aug. 14, 1934 METHOD OF SECURING TOGETHER SHOE PARTS AND THE LIKE Max w. Tetlow, Boston, Mass., assignor toUnited Shoe Machinery Corporation, Paterson, N. J a corporation of New Jersey Application August 29, 1932, Serial No. 630,776

27 Claims. (01. 12-142) This relation relates improvements in methods of securing together shoe parts and the like and is disclosed herein with particular. reference to the attachment of soles to shoes.

Present-day practice in the cement attachment of soles to shoes utilizes pyroxylin cement as the sole attaching medium. It is usual to coat the overlasted marginal portions of shoe uppers-as well as the marginal portions of the attaching l0 surfaces of soles with pyroxylin cement which is allowed to dry and is thenactivated with a suitable softener or solvent before a shoe and sole are brought together and placed under the sole attaching pressure. This method of sole attaching has become increasingly popular in the last few years and many millions of pairs of shoes have been made in this way.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method applicable, among other uses, to the cement attachment of soles to shoes, which will decrease the labor and cost of the sole attaching processes and which will at the same time provide an even more dependable sole attachment.

proved method for securing together shoe parts and other articles by cement or adhesive in the practice of which the cement by which the parts are secured together is produced by the action of a solvent on fibrous material, for example, textile fabric which is applied to at least one of the parts which are to be secured together, the cement formed by the action of the solvent on the fabric serving to stick the parts together. While the method of my invention is susceptible of considerable variation in detail, than found that it may be practiced successfully in connection with the attaching of soles to shoes by applying to the bottom of a shoe or to the attaching surface of a sole a piece of fibrous material, for example textile fabric which has been softened by the application of a solvent for the material of the fibers, applying the sole and the shoe to each other, and maintaining them under pressure until the cement produced by the action of the solvent on the fabric has set sufficiently to stick the sole to the shoe bottom.

In the specification and claims, the'expressio volatile solvent is to be taken to refer to a consist of a ribbon or tape, or it may consist of To these endsmy invention provides an imwith a volatile solvent for those materials, for ex-' ample acetone. Since the fabric from which the adhesive is formed is substantially uniform, this method renders it practical accurately to measure the amount of cement thereby insuring just 00 about enough cement to obtain a secure bond between the shoe parts with a substantially minimum stiffening effect, I

In practice the fibrous material from which the cement is to be formed may advantageously be woven, braided, knitted, felted, or formed in any other manner which will provide an absorbent strip which can be caused readily to conform to the outline of the sole or shoe bottom. It may one or more separate strands of yarn. Such material may be treated with a volatile solvent in any suitable manner, for example by passing it through a bath of the solvent. If the solvent is applied in this manner the fabric should be laid upon one or the other of the two shoe parts which are to be secured together, or otherwise applied to or interposed between the parts, before the solvent has had time completely to destroy the tensile strength of the fabric. The solgo vent almost immediately contacts with substan- ,tially the entire surface of the fibers of the fabric and quicklyattacks the fibers, which are crushed by the sole-attaching pressure, forming a" layer of cement which is remarkably effective as an adhesive.

If desired, in order to facilitate the handling of the fibrous material after it has been treated with the solvent, the material may be reenforced with fibers which are non-soluble in or inert with respect to the solvent which is used. Thus textile fabric formed primarily of cellulose ester fibers may be reenforced with, for example, cotton threads or yarn, since the cellulose in the form of cotton is not afi'ected by the solvents for cellulose esters. I

It is not essential in the practice of my inven- -tion that the solvent be applied to the fibrous material before the latter is applied to one of the parts which are to be secured together; and even if the fibrous material is treated with the solvent before it is applied to one of the parts which are to be secured together, it is at times advantageous to apply additional solvent after the previously treated fibrous material has been applied to one of the parts. I

Not only does cement formed as herei'nbefore outlined constitute a tenacious and effective adhesive, but in other respects the attachment of soles to shoes by the method of my invention pro- 110 duces superior results. Since the shoe bottoms and soles have never been hardened or stiffened, superior and substantially uniform contact of the soles with the shoe bottoms is obtained. Furthermore, cement formed during the practice of the method of my invention acts, by reason of its complete plasticity, to fill any hollows there may be in the attaching area of the sole and shoe bottom, and in this way facilltates the obtaining of uniformly complete contact of the attaching area of the soles and shoe bottoms. Moreover, the unstiifened pliable condition of the upper at the time of the sole attachment permits the upper readily to settle to or follow the lines of the last under the sole-attaching pressure and thus renders pounding of the shoe bottom prior to the sole-attaching operation unnecessary, at least in many cases.

- Another advantage arising from the use of the method of my invention results from the effective manner in which the flow of the sole-attaching cement can be controlled when a shoe and sole which are being secured together are placed under pressure. This arises, I believe, from the following circumstances. When cellulose ester fabric is treated with a suitable solvent the cement formed at the surface of the fabric is relatively fluid containing a relatively high proportion of solvent. The adhesive formed at the interior of the fabric contains a larger proportionof solid content and is correspondingly less fluid and more viscous so that it maintains more or less the form of the fabric and serves to trap the more fluid material and to prevent it from squeezing out between the sole and the shoe upper when the pressure is first applied. The more viscous material,

. however, loses its shape under the sole-attaching pressure so that if the sole is pulled from a shoe after the completion of the sole-attaching operation, it will be found that the form and appearance of the fabric have disappeared. Reinforcing threads of insoluble material, particularly if located at or near the margin of the strip and extending more or less lengthwise of the strip, are additionally effective as a means of preventing squeeze-out.

There are a number of advantages of the present invention resulting from the elimination of sole and shoe bottom cementing and solvent applying operations. Not only may a single operation be substituted for three or more operations heretofore used, but any difliculty due to blushing, that is, to the condensation of water in or on the cement while it is drying and in or on the softener while it is being applied to the dry cement and while the sole and shoe are being assembled and placed under pressure, is eliminated.

The molding or conforming operation often performed on outsoles prior to their cement attachment is also facilitated by the present method. In accordance with the prior practice it is practically necessaryto apply the cement to the soles while they are flat and before they are conformed, the cement being permitted to dry before the conforming operation is performed. This leaves the soles in a less advantageous condition for the conforming operation.

The above are some of the advantages resulting from the practice of the present invention which appear to be among the more important ones. Others will be apparent to those skilled in the manufacture of shoes from a comparison of my improved method with the prior art practice.

While the invention has so far been discussed particularly with reference to the cement attemleather, may have their parts secured together by my new method.

With the above and other objects in view the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings and pointed out in the claims.

In the drawings,

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a shoe bottom prepared for the cement attachment of an outsole in accordance with the method of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a sole molded or conformed to fit the bottom of the shoe of Fig. 1 and illustrating diagrammatically the laying upon the attaching surface of the sole and parallel to its edge of a strip of fabric treated with a suitable solvent which will soon dissolve the fabric to form an adhesive;

Fig. 3 is a detailed view of a bit of tape or ribbon braided from cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate yarn and illustrating one form which the tape or ribbon shown in Fig. 2 may take;

Fig. 4 illustrates a fiat or non-molded sole having a strip of fabric similar to that of Fig. 2 laid uponits attaching surface and spaced a short distance from its edge;

Fig. 5 illustrates the use of the method of my invention for securing a channel flap to a sole;

Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a welted shoe showing the application of a strip of this treated fabric to the welt of the shoe and to the surfaces produced by the inseam trimming operation; and

Fig. 7 is a perspective view of a sole prepared for attachment to the bottom of the shoe of Fig.- 6 by the cement formed by the action of the solvent on the fabric.

In practicing the method of my invention, the sole and shoe bottom may be prepared as is usual in the manufacture of shoes having cement-attached soles. Thus, Fig. 1 illustrates a shoe 10 mounted on a last 12 and having an insole 14 to which the overlasted marginal portion 16 of the upper 18 is secured at the sides of the shoe by staples 20. The overlasted portion 16 of the upper 18 may be secured in lasted relation at the toe by, for example, cement, and at the heel seat by fastenings such as tacks 22. The illustrated shoe is provided with a metal shank piece 24, in accordance with'usual practice, and with a filler at the forepart illustrated as a sheet of felt 26. The overlasted marginal portion 16' of the upper is prepared for the reception of cement in any suitable manner, for example by roughening.

As illustrated in Fig. 2, the outsole 30 has its marginal portion roughened as indicated at 32. Th edge portion of the sole at the shank and forepart may be reduced in thickness by skiving if a, thin edge effect is desired, this being done, of course, prior to the roughing. If desired, the sole may be conformed or molded to fit the shoe bottom, and the sole of Fig. 2 is illustrated as having been so treated after the edge-reducing but prior to the roughening. The sole 34 of Fig.

1,970,257 I 4 on the other hand, is flat, not having been molded or conformed. .Its marginal portion has been roughened as indicated at 32in the same manner as the corresponding portion of the sole 30.

In attaching soles to shoes in accordance with my invention, 1 may utilize a strip of fabric, illustrated at 36 in Fig. 3 as loosely braided from a plurality of strands of yarn, preferably loosely twisted, and shown diagrammatically at 36 in Figs. 2 and 4. This fabric is formed from fibrous material, capable, when acted upon by suitable solvent, of forming a cement ,or adhesive. Examples of such material are cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate, either of which may be dissolved to form cement by treatment with any of the variety of known volatile solvents of which acetone is a good example; or the cellulose ester fabric may be treated with softeners of the character disclosed in United States Letters Patent No. 1,959,320 and No. 1,959,321, granted May 15, 1934, upon applications of Walter H. Wedger.

The strip of fabric 36 istreated with the solvent, for example by passing it through a bath thereof, and is laid upon the surface of one of the two parts which are to be stuck together..

As illustrated in Fig. 2, the strip 36, after it has been treated with the solvent and preferably substantially saturated therewith, is laid progressively along the curved marginal portion of the sole with'its edge substantially parallel to the edge of the sole and spaced inwardly a short distance therefrom, say A; to of an inch, the

broken lines 37 in Fig. 2 indicating the portion of the sole to which the strip of fabric 36 is yet to be applied. The shoe andsoleare then applied to each other in substantially the relation which they are to have in the finished shoe and are placed under pressure, for example in a cement sole-attaching machine of the character disclosed in United ,States Letters Patent No. 1,897,105, granted February 14, 1933, upon an application of Milton H. Ballard. :The action of the solvent on the material of the strip offabric 36 produces a cement which, when the sole-attaching pressure is applied, is squeezed'into the form of a layer between the sole and the shoe hottom and serves effectively to securethe sole to the shoe bottom. Due to the nice control of the amount of cement which can be exercised when practicing this method by the use of fabric of a uniform weight in the form of astrip of a specified width, the sole can be stuck effectively to they shoe bottom with a minimum amount of cement, thereby insuring maximum flexibility of the shoe consistent with the stock from which the shoe is made.

Figs. 6 and 7 illustrate attachment of a sole 40 to a welt shoe 42 in accordance with my invention. As disclosed in those figures the marginal portion 44 of the sole is roughened in accordance with'usual practice. The upper of the shoe 42 is lasted in accordance with Goodyear Welt shoemaking practice, to the lip of an insole" 45 and a welt 46 is-stitched to the overlasted portion of the upper and to the lip of the insole 45 after which the inseam trimming operation is performed in the usual way. A. shank piece 48 is secured to the insole and the bottom is filled, for example with composition filler as indicated at 50. The sole-engaging surface of the welt 46 and the edge surfaces of the welt, the shoe upper I and the lip of the insole resulting from the in- .seam trimming operation are roughened, all as usual in cement-attaching soles to welted shoes. Then a strip of the fabric 36 treated with a suitable solvent is applied to the roughened marginal portion of the sole or, as illustrated in Fig. 6, to the sole-engaging surface of the welt and the edge surfaces resulting from the inseam trimming operation, after which the sole and shoe are applied to each other and placed under pressure which is maintained until the cement formed by the action of the solvent upon the fabric 36 has set sufliciently to hold the sole to the shoe.

The method of this invention is applicable also to other purposes than the attaching of soles to shoes. Thus, in Fig. 5, it is illustrated as applied to the cementing of a channel flap in place. That 90 figure illustrates a shoe 50 provided with an outsole 52 which has been chanheled and then secured to the shoe bottom, for example by stitching (not shown) lying in the groove of the channel. The channel flap or lip 54 is to be cemented 95 in place andfor this purpose a strip 36 of fabric, formed, for example, from cellulose ester fibers, is treated with a solvent such as acetone and laid in the channel after which the lip or flap 54 is laid as indicated at 56, being pressed against the treated strip 36 and being cemented in place by the cement formed by the action of the solvent on the strip. For this purpose only relatively light pressure need be applied to the channel lip and the pressure need not be maintained for any considerable length of time.

The terms tfabricf and strip of fabric. as used herein are intended to include not only textile fabrics, whether felted, woven, braided, knitted, etc., but also yarn of which one or a plurality of separate strands may be utilized in the practice of my invention. The quantity of such fabric used will vary of course with the nature of the parts to be cemented together.

The term unfinished leather surfaces, as used 115 hereinafter in some of the claims, is to be understood as including both leather surfaces from which the finish has been removed and leather surfaces to which no finishing material has ever been applied.

' Using a conformed sole such as illustrated in Fig. 2, and practicing the-method as outlined herein, it has been found that the sole-attaching pressure can safely be released after about seconds, though of course the minimum period for the maintenance of the pressure which can safely be relied upon will vary with various factors, such as the quality of the sole leather, the accuracy with which the sole has been shaped to conform to the shoe bottom, the temperature, the :3 humidity, etc. r As heretofore mentioned, it is believ d that the cement formed by the action ,of, for example, acetone on a cellulose acetate or nitrate fabric is not at first homogeneous, but varies in passing from the surface toward the center of the material, the cement at and near, the surface having a higher proportion of solvent/and the cement further removed from the surface having a higher proportion of cellulose ester. The cement formed from the central portion of the yarn, having ahigher viscosity due to its lower solvent content; seems to have a tendency to retain the form "of the fabric, forming in effect a skeleton which appears to prevent the more fluid material from being squeezed out when the sole-attaching pressure is applied. This prevents the soiling of the'shoe uppers .aswell as retaining the cement where it is needed to serve'as the sole-attaching bond. 150

' the width of the strip of fabric by usi ng more strands or larger strands, and a fabric braided from seventeen strands of the same yarn has also been used successfully in sole-attaching in accordance with my method. The strip of cellulose ester fabric may remain in the acetone bath for a period of five or ten seconds, more or less; before it is supplied to the sole or shoe bottom, and will retain sufficient tensile strength to permit it to be handled without difficulty. If the material from which the cement is to be formed is provided with a nap then it will carry a greater amount of solvent and the treatment with the solvent need not be maintained for as long a period of time. Furthermore, if desired,

the cellulose ester fabric may be reinforced by strands of non-soluble material, such as cotton, linen, etc., extending'particularly in the general direction of the length of the'braid. These, particularly such of them as are located at or near the edge of the strip, will serve also to control the cement, acting as a dam to prevent it from being squeezed out by the sole-attaching pressure.

Having described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. That improvement in methods of cementattaching soles to shoes which comprises putting a strip of soft fabric treated with a volatile solvent therefor, which by acting on the fabric will produce cement, between the sole and the shoe bottom and applying pressure to the shoe and sole, therebycrushing the fabric and causing the layer of cement thus formed to stick the sole to the shoe bottom.

2. That improvement in methods of attaching soles to shoes which comprises applying to a shoe bottom a strip of fabric freshly treated with a.

volatile solvent therefor which, by acting on the fabric, will produce cement, and shortly thereafter applying the sole to the shoe bottom and maintaining the shoe and sole under pressure until the cement formed by the action of the solvent upon the fabrichas set sufficiently to hold the sole to the shoe bottom.

3. That improvement in'methods of cementattaching soles to shoes which comprises applying to the marginal portion of a sole a strip of fabric treated with a volatile solvent therefor which, by acting on the fabric, will produce cement, andshortly thereafter applying the sole to the shoe bottom and putting the shoe and sole under pressure, thereby causing the cement formed by the action of the solvent to stick the sole to the shoe bottom.

4.'Th at.improvement inmethods of attaching soles to shoes which comprises preparing the marginal portion of a sole and the corresponding marginal portion of a shoe bottom for the reception of sole attaching cement, applying to one of the prepared shoe parts a. cellulose derivative in the form of a strip of fabric and having a volatile solvent for said cellulose derivative disposed in contact with and around the fibers of said fabric whereby said solvent contacts with substantially the entire mass of cellulose derivative, bringing together the sole and shoe in the relation which they are to have in the finished shoe, and applying pressure to the shoe and sole.

5. That improvement in methods of cementattaching soles to shoes which comprises applying to a sole a piece of a cellulose ester fabric freshly treated with a volatile solvent therefor, and shortly thereafter applying the sole to a shoe bottom and putting the shoe and sole under pressure, thereby crushing the fabric and causing the layer of cement thus formed to stick the sole to the shoe bottom.

6. That improvement in methods of cementattaching soles to shoes which comprises applying to a shoe bottom a piece of a cellulose ester fabric freshly treated with a volatile solvent therefor, and shortly thereafter applying a sole to the shoe bottom and maintaining the shoe and sole under pressure until the cement formed by the action of the solvent on the cellulose ester has set sufliciently to hold the sole to the shoe bottom.

7. That improvement in methods of cementattaching soles to shoe bottoms which comprises treating a fabric the fibers of which are of two kinds with a volatile solvent which will not act upon the fibers of one kind but will actupon the fibers of the other kind, thereby producing cement by action of the solvent on the fibers of the second kind, applying the treated fabric to one of the surfaces which are to be secured together, and then applying the sole to the shoe bottom and putting the sole and shoe under pressure.

8. That improvement in methods of attaching soles to shoes which comprises applying toone of the surfaces which are to be secured together fabric comprising cellulose ester fibers and fibers of more inert material treated with a substance which is a volatile solvent for the cellulose ester fibers but not for the more inert fibers, whereby the cement formed by the action of the solvent on the cellulose ester fibers is reinforced by the inert fibers, and then'applying the sole to the shoe bottom and putting the 'shoe and sole under pressure.

9. That improvement in methods of attaching soles to shoes which comprises applying a strip of cellulose ester fabric treated with a volatile solvent therefor to the attaching face of one of the shoe parts, thereafter treating the fabric with additional volatile solvent, bringing together the sole and the shoe, and maintaining the shoe and sole, under pressure until the cement formed by the action of the solvent on the fabric has set sufliciently to hold the sole to the shoe bottom.

10. That improvement in methods of manufacturing shoes which comprises roughening the overlasted marginal portion of the upper of a lasted shoe, roughening the marginal portion of the attaching surface of a sole for the shoe, treating a strip of cellulose ester fabric with a volatile solvent therefor, and then, before the solvent has had suificient time completely to destroy the tensile strength of the fabric, applying the strip of fabric progressively to the roughened area of one of the parts, with the edge of the strip substantially parallel to and spaced somewhat from the edge of said part, and applying the sole to the shoe bottom and maintaining the shoe and sole under pressure until the adhesive formed by the action of the solvent on the fabric sole to the shoe tile solvent therefor, bringing together the sole and the shoe in the relation which they are to have in the finished shoe, andmaintaining the shoe and sole under pressure until the cementformed by the action of the solvent on the cellulose nitrate fabric has set sufliciently to stick the sole to the shoe bottom.

12. That improvement in methods ofattaching soles to shoes which comprises applying acetone to a ribbon of cellulose ester fabric and laying the treated ribbon on the attaching face of one of the shoe parts, bringing together the sole and the shoe in the relation which they are to have, in the finished shoe, and applying pressure to the-shoe and sole, thereby crushing the activated cellulose ester fabric and causing the cement thus formed to stick the sole to the shoe bottom.

13. That improvement in methods of channel flap cementing and laying which comprises placing a strip of fibrous cellulosederivative treated with a volatile solvent therefor in the channel while the flap is raised, laying the flap, and applying pressure thereto, thereby crushing the softened cellulose derivative fibers and causing the cement formed by the action of the solvent on the cellulose derivative to secure the flap in place.

14. The method of securing shoe parts together by cement and pressure which is characterized by the provision between the parts when the pressure isapplied of only about enough of a soluble fabric, the fibers of which are soft by reason of the presence therein of a volatile solvent, to produce substantially the minimum quantity of cement necessary to form a secure bond between the parts with aminimum stiffening efi'ect.

15. That improvement in methods of securing together shoe parts which comprises pressing the shoe parts togetheragainst interposed fabric the fibers of which have been treated with a volatile solvent which, by acting on the material of the fibers, will produce cement, the amount of fabric used being only about enough to produce substantially the minimum quantity of cement sumcient to form a secure bond between the parts with substantially a stiffening effect.

16. That improvement in methods of causing marginal adhesion of two shoe parts which comprises progressively laying along the edge of one of the shoe parts astrip of textile fabric treated with a substance which, by acting upon the fibers of the fabric, will produce cement, and pressing the two parts together, thereby crushing the fabric and causing the layer of cement thus formed to stick the shoe parts together.

17. That improvement in methods of securing together pieces of sheet material which comprises progressively laying upon one of the pieces of material along the margin thereof a piece of fabric I formed of fibrous material and treated with a 18. That improvement in methods of securing together shoe parts which comprises putting between the shoe parts one or more strands of yarn composed of a soluble cellulose derivative treated with a volatile solvent therefor which by acting on said cellulose derivative will produce cement, and applying pressure to the shoe parts, thereby causing the layer of cement which is formed by the action of the solvent on the cellulose deriva-' tiveto stick the shoe parts together.

19. That improvement in methods of securing together shoe parts which comprises pressing the shoe parts together against interposed fabric the fibers of which are composed of a cellulose ester and which has been softened to provide a cement by treatment with a volatile solvent for the cellulose'ester'of the fibers, the amount of fabric used being only about enough to produce sufficient cement to form a secure bond between the parts withsubstantially a minimum stiffening efiect.

20. That improvement in methods of securing together pieces of leather which comprises placing between unfinished leather surfaces a piece of fibrous cellulose-derivative fabric treated with a volatile solvent therefor, applying pressure to the leather and thereby crushing the softened fabric and causing the layer of cement thus formed to stick the leather surfaces together.

21. That improvement in methods of securing together shoe parts which comprises treating a piece of fabric with a volatile solvent therefor whichby actingonthe fabric will produce cement, applying the fabric to one of the surfaces which are to be secured together, thereafter treating the fabric with additional volatile solvent, and then pressing the two parts together.

22. That improvement in methods of securing together shoe parts which comprises applying to theattaching face of one of the shoe parts a strip of cellulose ester fabric treated with a volatile solvent therefor, thereafter treating the fabric with additional volatile solvent, bringing the partstogether and putting them under pressure. I 23. That improvement in methods of securing together shoe parts which comprises treating a fabric the fibers of which are of two kinds with a volatile substance which will not act upon the fibers of one kind but will act upon the fibers of the other kind to produce cement, applying the treated fabric to one of the surfaces which are to be secured together, and then pressing the shoe parts together.

24. That improvement in methods of securing together shoe parts which comprises applying to one of the surfaces which are to be secured together fabric comprising cellulose ester fibers and fibers of more inert material treated with a substance which is a volatile solvent for the cellulose ester fibers but not for the more inert fibers, whereby the cement formed by the action of the solvent on the cellulose ester fibers is reinforced bythe inert fibers, and then bringing the shoe parts together and putting them under pressure.

25. That improvement in methods of securing together shoe parts which comprises applying to a piece of napped fabric a volatile solvent therefor which by acting on the fabric will produce cement, interposing the treated fabric between the parts which are to be secured together, and applying pressure thereto.

26. That improvement in methods of securing together shoe parts which comprises treating cellulose ester fabric, one or both surfaces of which is provided with a nap, with a volatile solv'ent which by acting on the cellulose ester will produce cement, applying the treated fabric to the attaching surface of one of the shoe parts, and pressing the parts together, thereby causing the cement formed by the action of the solvent on the cellulose ester to stick the parts together.

27. That improvement in methods of attaching soles to shoes which comprises bringing the sole and shoe together while there is disposed theretive.

MAX W. TETLOW. 

